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The plus and minus signs (+ and −) are mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of Negative and non-negative numbers as well as the operations of addition and subtraction. Their use has been extended to many other meanings, more or less analogous. Plus and minus are Latin terms meaning "more" and "less", respectively.+ – History Though the signs now seem as familiar as the alphabet or the Hindu-Arabic numerals, they are not of great antiquity. The Egyptian hieroglyph sign for addition, for example, resembled a pair of legs walking in the direction in which the text was written (Egyptian language was written in boustrophedon, or alternating directions), with the reverse sign indicating subtraction:{] the letters P and M were generally used.
The earliest print appearance of the modern signs seems to come from a book on "Behende und hüpscheenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft" or Mercantile Arithmetic by Johannes Widmann in 1489, used to indicate surpluses and deficits. The + is a simplification of the Latin "et" (comparable to the ampersand &). The − may be derived from a tilde written over m when used to indicate subtraction; or it may come from a shorthand version of the letter m itself. Widmann referred to the symbols - and + as minus and mer: "was - ist, das ist minus, und das + ist das mer".
According to the Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols website, a book published by Henricus Grammateus in 1518 is the earliest found to use + and − for addition and subtraction.
Robert Recorde, the designer of the equals sign, introduced plus and minus to the UK in 1557 in The Whetstone of Witte:
Alternate uses The plus sign can mean many different operations, depending on the mathematical system under consideration. Many algebraic structures have some operation which is called, or equivalent to, addition. Moreover, the symbolism has been extended to very different operations. Plus can mean:
- Exclusive disjunction (usually written ⊕): 1+1=0, 1+0=1
- logical disjunction (usually written ∨): 1+1=1, 1+0=1
- concatenation of string (computer science)s is sometimes written: "a"+"b"="ab", although this usage is questioned by some for violating commutativity, a property addition is expected to have.
Plus and minus signs are often used in tree view on a computer screen to show if a folder is collapsed or not.
Minus sign The minus sign has two uses in mathematics:
In some contexts, different glyphs are used for these two meanings; e.g., the negation operator may be raised (as in 2–5 = ¯3).
Character codes {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"! Read !! Character !! Unicode !! ASCII !! URL !! HTML (others)|-|Plus ||+ || U+002'''B''' || + || %2'''b''' || |- |''Minus'' || − || U+2212 || || || − or − |- |''Hyphen-minus'' || - || U+002d || - || %2d |||}
The Unicode minus sign is designed to be the same length and height as the plus and equals signs. In most fonts these are the same width as digits in order to facilitate the alignment of numbers in tables.
The hyphen-minus sign (-) is the ASCII version of the minus sign, and doubles as a hyphen. It is usually shorter in length than the plus sign and sometimes at a different height. It can be used as a substitute for the true minus sign when the character set is limited to ASCII.
See also
- Plus-minus sign
- Table of mathematical symbols
- Graft-chimaera for the meaning of + in botanical names
- Dash
References
External links
- The History of Mathematical Symbols - Plus and Minus
- Earliest uses of various mathematical symbols
Plus Magazine
Plus Online Maths Magazine ... 1997-2004, Millennium Mathematics Project, University of Cambridge. Permission is granted to print and copy this page on paper for non-commercial use
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An online mathematics journal for schools. Part of the Millennium Maths project.
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Welcome to the new user-friendly PLUS website with its fuller, richer streaming data and easier navigation. Discover the MyPLUS market page that you can personalise to make your ...
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Provides collector information with a searchable database and features on diecast model vehicles mostly from the 1950's, and 1960's. Includes Dinky, Corgi, and Matchbox.
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PlanIT Plus is Scotland's most accurate and up-to-date resource of careers, learning and school information.
plus from FOLDOC
plus + Common: ITU-T: plus; add. Rare: cross; INTERCAL: intersection. Try this search on Wikipedia, OneLook, Google
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Welcome to the PLUS website . PLUS aims to overcome the obstacles that prevent disabled children and young people from having an ordinary social life.